New economic paradigms

Human activities are the main drivers of the Earth's ecological overshoot. Due to this overshoot, the actions of today may constrain the well-being of future generations. Simultaneously, despite the great extent and increase in economic activity, human needs are not universally satisfied. There is therefore a search for economic theories that offer answers to how to combine safeguarding of human needs with staying within the planetary boundaries. Here, four alternative economic approaches are reviewed. By combining insights from these, one may start to explore new territory and future pathways out of both ecological overshoot and human injustices.