Successful management of complex social-ecological systems requires adaptive approaches and a system of continuous learning for building knowledge and effective management practices to interpret and respond to ecological feedbacks. Knowledge generation of such complex systems is an ongoing process which typically takes years to accumulate. Learning is essential for individuals, communities, other stakeholders and agencies to develop their ability to deal effectively with new situations and to prepare for change and surprise. In addition the cumulative knowledge should be embedded in the management process.
Many communities of resource users possess intricate knowledge of their local resource base, local resource needs, and of resource extraction/harvesting practices. Such knowledge can provide a valuable base for resource management alongside scientific knowledge.
Thus, effective learning of complex socio-ecological systems typically requires participation of many different actors ranging from local resource users, government agencies, other types of organizations, and scientists. Likewise, adaptive management practices able to manage these complexities will also need the active involvement of different actors.
