We argue that sustaining this flow of ecosystem services requires a paradigm shift where current strategies of species conservation in static reserves is complemented with a strategy that maintains response diversity in the larger landscape.

Such a strategy calls for innovative tools such as dynamic reserves, as well as new flexible governance and management arrangements.

Essential to maintain resilitent ecosystems
In a world that is increasingly impacted by human activities, biodiversity and components thereof become essential to maintain resilient ecosystems and ensure a sustainable flow of ecosystem goods and services to society, particularly in the face of uncertainty and change.

Conservation strategies must actively incorporate the large areas of productive land in forestry and agriculture, as is advocated in the Unesco Man and Biosphere program.

We therefore argue that there is a need for a paradigm shift where the current strategy based on conservation of species and static reserves is complemented with a strategy that includes management of response diversity in the production landscape and also includes components such as dynamic reserves.

New innovative and flexible institutions
Most formal social institutions are today designed to manage static protected areas and there is therefore a need for new innovative and flexible institutions (Elmqvist et al. 2004). Human-free' parks and protected areas were the primary focus of government-run conservation projects until the eighties.

Such top-down conservation strategies that exclude local residents have been widely contested due to their negative impacts on the social and economic structures of resident communities.

In recent years, the limitations of parks and reserves have become even more apparent as they often fail in their conservation goals as well as in meeting the needs of local people.

As a result, considerable effort has been placed on designing new approaches including community-based conservation and integrated conservation and development programs.

Co-management key component
There is also an increasing global recognition of the role of informally protected areas, such as sacred groves, for maintaining ecosystem services in production landscapes.

The involvement of local people in the creation and maintenance of dynamic landscapes and management of ecosystem services and response diversity often requires adaptive governance strategies.

Co-management is a key component of such governance and may consist of networks of problem-solvers, often involving cross-scale linkages across levels of political organization.